[15] The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response, with donations totalling more than US$14 billion. The volcanic activity that results as the Indo-Australian Plate subducts the Eurasian Plate has created the Sunda Arc. One of the primary methods of identification is the forensic molecular genetic analysis. In: Oehmichen, , Peter J. Tsunami 2004 – forensisch odonto-. The locals reported 10 to 12 waves, with the second and third waves being the highest and most destructive. This illustrated the quality aspects of the procedure and the degree of degradation that had occurred for the remains of the WTC victims. Mortuaries were erected in, tents or temple buildings including water and, electricity supply to allow working for 24, hours. This article is concerned with the problems involved in mass disasters with large numbers of victims. Most of the people killed were members of the fishing community.[79]. (Fig. Not every earthquake produces large tsunamis: on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami. the The identification rate, The difficulties in getting adequate results, established protocols failed, and indicated a, lack of standards for this type of work. The state of Kerala experienced tsunami-related damage in three southern densely populated districts, Ernakulam, Alappuzha, and Kollam, due to diffraction of the waves around Sri Lanka. The ground level was about 2 m above sea level, and there were many cottages and hotels. The third wave came within 15 minutes after the second with lower wave height. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. The working conditions, (Fig. Using a batch of artificially degraded DNA with an average fragment size of approx. It has been theorized that the tsunamis were focused and directed at long ranges by the mid-ocean ridges which run along the margins of the continental plates.[51]. [76][78][80] The tsunami varied in height from 2 m (6.6 ft) to 10 m (33 ft) based on survivors' accounts. In some areas drinking water supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated for years by saltwater from the ocean. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands appear to have shifted south-west by around 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in) and to have sunk by 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The refracted tsunami waves then inundated the southwestern part of Sri Lanka after some of its energy was reflected from impact with the Maldives. [41] These satellites carry radars that measure precisely the height of the water surface; anomalies in the order of 500 mm (20 in) were measured. work place for the German DVI team (Figs. Deadly tsunami waves wreaked havoc in the densely populated Jogindar Nagar area, situated 13 km (8.1 mi) south of Campbell Bay. Measurements from these satellites may prove invaluable for the understanding of the earthquake and tsunami. [citation needed], Other huge megathrust earthquakes occurred in 1868 (Peru, Nazca Plate and South American Plate); 1827 (Colombia, Nazca Plate and South American Plate); 1812 (Venezuela, Caribbean Plate and South American Plate) and 1700 (western North America, Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate). Since in most cases forensic medical experts are not part of the police, forensic pathologists and odontologists join the disaster victim identification (DVI) teams as external specialists. Results of the tsunami survey in South Andaman along Chiriyatapu, Corbyn's Cove and Wandoor beaches:[citation needed], Meanwhile, in the Little Andaman, tsunami waves impinged on the eastern shore about 25 to 30 minutes after the earthquake in a four-wave cycle of which the fourth tsunami was the most devastating with a wave height of about 10 m (33 ft). international teams ended on December 14, 2005, when the place and the containers with, remaining unidentified victims were handed, specialisation as forensic dentist, were part, dentists completed the team, which was thus, able to work in two investigation lines. However, this was proven untrue. "Ministers Admit Handling of Tsunami Crisis Caused Suffering - Radio Sweden", "Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center | Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System | What is IOTWS", National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "United Nations: World Food Programme: Report on the Tsunami Crisis", "The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster", "15 tsunami aid staff executed in Sri Lanka", "Book Review: The Killing Sea by Richard Lewis", M9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake & Tsunami, 2004, Asian Tsunami Anniversary – Thailand Tsunami Then and Now Comparison Series, Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami&oldid=996383940, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed, Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from September 2018, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2015, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 15–30 m (49–98 ft) on the west coast of Aceh, 6–12 m (20–39 ft) on the Banda Aceh coast, 3–6 m (9.8–19.7 ft) on the north coast of, 3 m (9.8 ft) on the opposite side of the coast of Weh Island facing the tsunami, 3–6 m (9.8–19.7 ft) along the west coast of Phuket island, 3 m (9.8 ft) along the south coast of Phuket island, 2 m (6 ft 7 in) along the east coast of Phuket island, 5 m (16 ft) at Hat Praphat (Ranong Coastal Resources Research Station), 3.4 m (11 ft) at Kerala, inundation distance of 0.5–1.5 km (0.31–0.93 mi) with 250 km (160 mi) of coastline affected, 4.5 m (15 ft) at the southern coastline of Tamil Nadu, inundation distance of 0.2–2 km (0.12–1.24 mi) with 100 km (62 mi) of coastline affected, 5 m (16 ft) at the eastern coastline of Tamil Nadu facing tsunami source, inundation distance of 0.4–1.5 km (0.25–0.93 mi) with 800 km (500 mi) of coastline affected, 4 m (13 ft) at Pondicherry, inundation distance of 0.2–2 km (0.12–1.24 mi) with 25 km (16 mi) of coastline affected, 2.2 m (7.2 ft) at Andhra Pradesh, inundation distance of 0.2–1 km (0.12–0.62 mi) with 985 km (612 mi) of coastline affected, 5 m (16 ft) in maximum tsunami height with a run-up of 4.24 m (13.9 ft) at Chiriyatapu Beach, 5.5 m (18 ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up at Corbyn's Cove Beach, 6.6 m (22 ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up of 4.63 m (15.2 ft) at Wandoor Beach, 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) at Diglipur and Rangat at North Andaman Island, 10–12 m (33–39 ft) high at Malacca (in Car Nicobar Island) and at Hut Bay on, 3 m (9.8 ft) high at Port Blair on South Andaman Island, 1.3–2.4 m (4 ft 3 in–7 ft 10 in) at North Male Atoll, Male Island, 2 m (6 ft 7 in) at North Male Atoll, Huhule Island, 1.7–2.8 m (5 ft 7 in–9 ft 2 in) at South Male Atoll, Embudhu Finothu, 2.5–3.3 m (8 ft 2 in–10 ft 10 in) at Laamu Atoll, Fonadhoo Island, 2.2–2.9 m (7 ft 3 in–9 ft 6 in) at Laamu Atoll, Gan Island, 2.3–3 m (7 ft 7 in–9 ft 10 in) at North Male Atoll, Dhiffushi Island, 2.2–2.4 m (7 ft 3 in–7 ft 10 in) at North Male Atoll, Huraa Island, more than 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) at North Male Atoll, Kuda Huraa Island, 0.6–2.3 m (2 ft 0 in–7 ft 7 in) around the Ayeyarwady delta, Paint the Sky with Stars, Selected Poetry in Remembrance of the Boxing Day Tsunami 2004 (2005) edited by, This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 07:10. En 2004, un important séisme s'était produit dans l'océan Indien au large de Sumatra, avec une magnitude 9,1. Especially in disasters with a high potential for commingling, the described anthropological review process should be part of the investigation. At the, and PM data was carried out in parallel to, guidelines for establishing the identity of a, victim requested a positive match with at, least two different methods, e.g. Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami. The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure drive volatiles out of the subducting plate. However, the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process, and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami. The tsunami first struck the eastern coastline and subsequently refracted around the southern point of Sri Lanka (Dondra Head). A 2006 study estimated a magnitude of Mw 9.1–9.3; Hiroo Kanamori of the California Institute of Technology estimates that Mw  9.2 is representative of the earthquake's size. Helicopter surveys showed entire settlements virtually destroyed with destruction within miles inland, and only some mosques left standing. The earliest, lower amplitude signal is that of the compressional (P) wave, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the antipode; in this case near Ecuador). [133], The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined is the world's deadliest natural disaster since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. The guidelines for, investigations required a documentation of. There was 10 m (33 ft) movement laterally and 4–5 m (13–16 ft) vertically along the fault line. Mass fatality events with victims from more than one country require international cooperation of local forensic experts and national and international agencies. However, when the seawalls were made of loose stones, the stones were displaced and carried a few metres inland.[76][78][80]. [121], Some economists believe that damage to the affected national economies will be minor because losses in the tourism and fishing industries are a relatively small percentage of the GDP. The use of a simple, yet powerful, automated genotype comparison approach and the use of megaplexes with high power of discrimination (PD) values extended considerably the identification capabilities in the case of the Swissair disaster. Epidemics were of particular concern due to the high population density and tropical climate of the affected areas. [31] This energy is equivalent to over 1,500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, but less than that of Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated. The percentage of successful results was low in relation to previous mass fatality incidents involving airline disasters. For the identification of victims of the Tsunami in Southeast Asia on 26 December 2004, DNA analysis is used as an additional tool. Lower jaw with the milk tooth, the stage of the final inventory protocol. The India Plate meets the Burma Plate (which is considered a portion of the great Eurasian Plate) at the Sunda Trench. Over the time, a good and, The large number of bodies (5,395) and the, advanced degree of decomposition were the, st successful method of identification of, two greatest problems (Center for Disease, Control and Prevention 2005). In addition, the release of, identified bodies was a part of the work. As first, step of the protocol fingerprints were taken, abdomen. Affected or destroyed towns on the region's north and east coast were Pidie Regency, Samalanga, Panteraja, and Lhokseumawe. The greatest tsunami inundation occurred at North Male Atoll, Male island at 250 m (820 ft) along the streets. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in Vancouver, which puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean. Heure par heure, minute par minute, de l'Indonésie à la Malaisie en passant par la Thaïlande, le Sri Lanka et l'Inde, ce documentaire retrace le parcours du tsunami du 26 décembre 2004… ted: 19. Banda Aceh reported the largest number of deaths. The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka, Russia, on 4 November 1952 (magnitude 9.0)[22] and Tōhoku, Japan (magnitude 9.1) in March 2011. The identification of victims in a mass disaster or catastrophe is a great challenge for all involved. the dental status and bite wings as x-rays. Distance alone was no guarantee of safety, as Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther away. Another video showed the tsunami flooding the ground floor of a restaurant sweeping away an elderly couple. One aspect that must be taken into consideration is globalization. Lessig R, Edelmann J, Schmitter H, Eckert M, stomatologische Untersuchungen in den ersten, Lessig R, Thiele K, Edelmann J. Tsunami 2004, Progress in Forensic Genetics 2006; 11, Elsevier, International collaboration in mass disasters. Finally the, (Lessig et al. [25] As well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. At the Site Ia it was also possible to, make x-rays. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about 2.1 km/s (1.3 mi/s; 7,600 km/h; 4,700 mph), continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to strike-slip (the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions). Banda Aceh, the closest major city suffered severe casualties. identification after a tsunami - Thailand, . Site Ia, with complete autopsy lines. The tsunami surprised many tourists at Koh Racha Yai, where it flooded the resorts. 2000, Valenzula et al. Oder: Die Bedeutung anatomischer Diagramme, Differenzen zwischen ante-mortem- und post-mortem-Befunden bei zahnärztlichen Massnahmen zur Identifizierung von unbekannten verstorbenen Personen /, Problems in Mass-Disaster Dental Identification: A Retrospective Review, Development of a Quality, High Throughput DNA Analysis Procedure for Skeletal Samples to Assist with the Identification of Victims from the World Trade Center Attacks, STR analysis of artificially degraded DNA - Results of a collaborative European exercise, Enhanced Kinship Analysis and STR-based DNA Typing for Human Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents: The Swissair Flight 111 Disaster. Victim, environmental conditions rapidly leading to he, medical investigations were very important to, forensic medical, odonto-stomatological and molecular genetic investigati, of the TTVI IMC (Thai Tsunami Victim Identif. Dans The Impossible, diffusé ce soir sur W9, Naomi Watts incarne une mère courage prise dans le cauchemar du tsunami de décembre 2004, en Thaïlande. In comparison to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the death toll from these earthquakes was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas, the much greater distances to more populated coasts, and the superior infrastructure and warning systems in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) such as Japan. [125], Beyond the heavy toll on human lives, the Indian Ocean earthquake has caused an enormous environmental impact that will affect the region for many years to come. [144] The announcement generated panic in the Indian Ocean region and caused thousands to flee their homes, which resulted in jammed roads. [43], The tsunami, like all others, behaved differently in deep water than in shallow water. False tsunami alarm sparks panic in Indian Ocean region. The rising magma intrudes into the crust above and exits the Earth's crust through volcanoes in the form of a volcanic arc. Le 26 décembre 2004, un violent séisme provoque un tsunami d'une ampleur inégalée qui va frapper l'Indonésie, le Sri Lanka, la Thaïlande et le sud … Amateur video recorded taken at a resort beach showed the tsunami arriving as a large wall of water as it approached the coast and flooding it as it advanced inland. [71] In Hambantota, tsunami run-ups measured 11 m (36 ft) with the greatest inundation distance of 2 km (1.2 mi). [17] Although the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has accepted these new numbers, the United States Geological Survey has so far not changed its estimate of 9.1. Footage showed evidence of back-flowing of the Aceh River, carrying debris and people from destroyed villages at the coast and transporting them up to 40 km (25 mi) inland. The, first decision was to establish places for, regions, called Site I – region of Takua Pa, Muang), Site II – region of the Phuket Island, (Wat Tha Cha Chai), and Site III – region of, Krabi (Fig. However, the investigation of, the victim showed both teeth, no. Recent efforts to re-introduce hemp fibres into paper pulp are under way, with a number of writing papers having been manufactured in Europe and North America. [71][69] Tsunami waves measured on the east coast ranged from 4.5–9 m (15–30 ft) at Pottuvill to Batticaloa at 2.6–5 m (8 ft 6 in–16 ft 5 in) in the north-east around Trincomalee and 4–5 m (13–16 ft) in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda. [18], The hypocentre of the main earthquake was approximately 160 km (100 mi) off the western coast of northern Sumatra, in the Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue island at a depth of 30 km (19 mi) below mean sea level (initially reported as 10 km or 6.2 mi). [153], Nations all over the world provided over US$14 billion in aid for damaged regions,[154] with the governments of Australia pledging US$819.9 million (including a US$760.6 million aid package for Indonesia), Germany offering US$660 million, Japan offering US$500 million, Canada offering US$343 million, Norway and the Netherlands offering both US$183 million, the United States offering US$35 million initially (increased to US$350 million), and the World Bank offering US$250 million. the Austrian DVI Team at Site II (Fig. Forensisch-traumatologische Untersuchungen sind in vielfältigen rechtlichen Zusammenhängen von Bedeutung; sie dienen der Befunderhebung, Dokumentation und Asservierung. Ce vendredi à partir de 21h15, TMC diffusera "Tsunami 2004 : Ils ont filmé la catastrophe du siècle", un documentaire inédit corrodait par TF1 Production et Tony Comiti Productions. 31.12.04 – 02.01.05 Site II – Wat Tha Cha, At site II victims stored in the hospital of, hand washing facilities, and the work had to, be stopped after sunset because no electricity, established. However, tourists were reluctant to do so for psychological reasons. Further, the dynamics of globalization in all areas turn out to require all countries, including Indonesia, to really think about the right position so that they will neither be left behind by those dynamics, nor they will become a victim of the direction of the global development that can harm their national interests. Work carried out during the first days after the catastrophe is reported from a molecular biological point of view. Therefore the high potential of forensic molecular genetics could not be initially exploited as much as expected. The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean. The area toward the sea was wiped clean of nearly every structure, while closer to the river, dense construction in a commercial district showed the effects of severe flooding. The results were assessed according to correct allele detection, peak height and balance as well as the occurrence of artefacts. [81], The worst affected island in the Andaman & Nicobar chain is Katchall Island, with 303 people confirmed dead and 4,354 missing out of a total population of 5,312. W, Lessig R, Lorentsen M, Medlrun R, Peter J. Saunderson W, Solheim T, Stene-Johansen W, Suksudaj S, Sweet D, Taylor J, Williams G. Thai, Tsunami Victim Identification – overview to, and medical response to the Bali bombing. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (also known as the Boxing Day Tsunami and, by the scientific community, the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake[10][11]) occurred at 07:58:53 in local time (UTC+7) on 26 December, with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The tsunami heights recorded:[73][74]. This quickly elevated the height and increased the speed of waves, destroying the nearby Indonesian town of Lhoknga. [73] Amateur camcorder footage taken by Israeli tourists showed the tsunami advancing inland suddenly as a small flood, gradually becoming more powerful and engulfed the whole beach and resort, with a yacht boat can be seen carried by the tsunami out to sea. Of all the moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005, roughly one eighth was due to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. A new approach to short tandem repeat (STR) typing of DNA extracted from telogen shed hairs is presented. ... einer Katastrophe ist eine effiziente Organisation für einen erfolgreichen Handlungsablauf unerlässlich [5]. [91], The tsunami was detected in the southern parts of east Africa, where rough seas were reported, specifically on the eastern and southern coasts that face the Indian Ocean. The identification, al. [123], Both the earthquake and the tsunami may have affected shipping in the Malacca Straits, which separate Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, by changing the depth of the seabed and by disturbing navigational buoys and old shipwrecks. In cases of aircraft crashes, natural disasters and terrorist attacks it must be assumed that victims from different countries are involved. Standards are essential in order to compare results in the Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) process. Post-mortem orthopantomography - an aid in, cGivney J, Warnick A. The work included, further investigations of the victims upon, special request by the TTVI IMC to resolve, discrepancies. 4) For half a day, a place to, well. [5][68], The island country of Sri Lanka, located about 1,700 km (1,100 mi) from Sumatra, was ravaged by the tsunami around 2 hours after the earthquake. 2003), and the, the examination of the victims of the World, Trade Centre attack, where identification of, about 15,000 body parts, rested heavily on, beginning of the work these investigations, have led to positive identifications of victims, (James et al. [73][page needed]. [55] John Chroston, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground. In addition, two new STR multiplexes were developed specifically for this project, which reduced the amplicon size of the STR loci, and therefore, enhanced the ability to obtain results from the most challenged of samples. The different steps of, ication Information Management Center) in, . Along the west coast, the inundation was observed around Guptapara, Manjeri, Wandoor, Collinpur and Tirur regions. Run up level up to 3.8 m (12 ft) have been measured.[81]. The specific problems and work flows of forensic molecular analyses will be described in the following article. was located in the region of the left thorax. "Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami", "United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development", "Researchers uncover 2004 tsunami predecessor", "Scientists Find Evidence of Tsunamis on Indian Ocean Shores Long Before 2004", "Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World (Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths)", "Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea – challenges associated with developing a new integrated database", "Mental Health in Sumatra After the Tsunami", "Associated Press û Tsunami survivors cling tightly to faith across ravaged region", "Memorandum of Understanding between Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement", "Asia Pacific Journalism Centre – Home Page". The waves receded before the first tsunami with the highest fatality reported from the densely populated Alappad panchayat (including the villages of Cheriya Azhikkal and Azhikkal) at Kollam district, caused by a 4 m (13 ft) tsunami. The momentum of the water displaced by tectonic uplift had also dragged massive slabs of rock, each weighing millions of tonnes, as far as 10 km (6 mi) across the seabed. The measured tsunami height on this beach was 5.8 m (19 ft). [89], The tsunami also reached Malaysia, mainly on the northern states such as Kedah, Perak and Penang and on offshore islands such as Langkawi island. Le tsunami de 2004 dans l'océan Indien a été causé par un séisme.